Slow earthquakes, tiny tremors
Small earthquakes and tiny tremors originating deep in fault zones
are the result of slow earthquakes at the Earth's surface, according to
a study. Such slow earthquakes may also be harbingers (indicators) of
the shallower, high-magnitude and highly destructive earthquakes that
can occur in subduction zones, such as the December 2004 Sumatran
earthquake.
"Non-volcanic tremor," a weak seismic signal that was first
identified in 2002 by the Japanese seismologist Kazushige Obara, was
"the first new source of seismic waves to be discovered in half a
century," says Bill Ellsworth, a seismologist at the U.S. Geological
Survey in Menlo Park, California.
Tremor is different from more familiar earthquake seismic signals in
that the signals do not include P- and S-waves, which seismologists use
to pinpoint the epicentre of an earthquake.
The signals can also last much longer, with individual bursts lasting
as long as 15 minutes, compared with the few seconds of an earthquake. A
series of small, low-frequency earthquakes, of magnitudes 1 and 2, also
often occur along with tremor.
Since its discovery, Ellsworth says, tremor has intrigued
seismologists because it is often associated with a type of silent, slow
slip along a fault occurring 30 to 35 kilometres deep on the dipping
slab in a subduction zone.
Non-volcanic tremor has also been detected in the northwestern United
States' Cascadia subduction zone and under California's San Andreas
Fault. Scientists are particularly interested in whether these slow
events, which can last up to a week or more, but do not generate strong
shaking, may signal stress building up that could ultimately lead to
major seismic hazards.
"We've been working on the relationship between tremor, slow slip
events and low-frequency earthquakes," says David Shelly, a graduate
student at Stanford University.
Observing a strong resemblance between the shapes of seismic waves
from tremor and low-frequency earthquakes, Shelly and his colleagues set
out to determine whether the two are separate phenomena, or are more
closely related.
The team took seismic waves from more than 650 low-frequency
earthquakes recorded over three years by at least three stations near
Shikoku, Japan, and then compared them with tremor signals, looking for
matches in the waveform patterns.
The data showed that not only are low-frequency earthquakes and
tremor related, but that tremor could be regarded as a "swarm" of those
earthquakes, generated by small slip events, the team reported.
"Tremor is just composed of a whole bunch of these low-frequency
earthquakes put together," Shelly says. "When you add up the slip on a
fault, it may be equivalent to a magnitude-6 or -6.5 earthquake, but
since it happens very slowly it doesn't generate strong shaking and is
imperceptible (not felt) to people."
The connection between these events could improve future earthquake
probability predictions, Shelly says. A slow slip event does not mean
that a major earthquake will occur at a given time, he says, but "when
slip is happening on the deep part of these faults, it may load the
stress on the shallower fault and bring it closer to failing. So it's
possible that during these events, the probability of getting a major
earthquake shortly after on the same fault is increased."
Shelly's work "presents some very exciting results," Ellsworth says,
although he agrees that it is too soon to make probability estimates
based on slow slip events without a better understanding of how
earthquakes begin and propagate (spread). - Geotimes
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