Hyper-velocity star found speeding through space at 1 million mph

Astronomers think hyper-velocity stars happen when the galaxy's central back hole captures one of two stars in a binary system and slingshots the other out of the galaxy.

A University of Utah-led team say they have discovered a hyper-velocity star that is the closest, second-brightest and among the largest of 20 such stars found so far. Speeding at more than 1 million mph, this star might provide clues about the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way and the halo of mysterious dark matter surrounding the galaxy, astronomers say.

"The hyper-velocity star tells us a lot about our galaxy - especially its center and the dark matter halo," says Zheng Zheng, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy and lead author of the study published recently in Astrophysical Journal Letters by a team of U.S. and Chinese astronomers.

"We can't see the dark matter halo, but its gravity acts on the star," Zheng says. "We gain insight from the star's trajectory and velocity, which are affected by gravity from different parts of our galaxy."

In the past decade, astronomers have found about 20 of these odd stars. Hypervelocity stars appear to be remaining pairs of binary stars that once orbited each other and got too close to the supermassive black hole at the galaxy's centre. Intense gravity from the black hole - which has the mass of 4 million stars like our sun - captures one star so it orbits the hole closely, and slingshots the other on a trajectory headed beyond the galaxy.

Zheng and his colleagues discovered the new hyper-velocity star while conducting other research into stars with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, or LAMOST, located at the Xinglong Observing Station of the National Astronomical Observatories of China, about 110 miles north-east of Beijing.

LAMOST boasts a 13.1-foot-wide aperture and houses 4,000 optical fibres, which capture "spectra" or light-wavelength readings from as many as 4,000 stars at once.

A star's spectrum reveals information about its velocity, temperature, luminosity and size.

LAMOST's main purpose is to study the distribution of stars in the Milky Way, and thus the galaxy's structure. The new hyper-velocity star - named LAMOST-HVS1 - stood out because its speed is almost three times the usual star's 500,000-mph pace through space: 1.4 million mph relative to our solar system.

Its speed is about 1.1 million mph relative to the speed of the center of the Milky Way.

Despite being the closest hypervelocity star, it nonetheless is 249 quadrillion miles from Earth. (In U.S. usage, a quadrillion is 1,000,000,000,000,000 miles or 10 to the 15th power, or 1 million billion).

"If you're looking at a herd of cows, and one starts going 60 mph, that's telling you something important," says Ben Bromley, a University of Utah physics and astronomy professor who was not involved with Zheng's study.

"You may not know at first what that is. But for hypervelocity stars, one of their mysteries is where they come from - and the massive black hole in our galaxy is implicated."

A cluster of known hypervelocity stars, including the new one, is located above the disk of our Milky Way galaxy, and their distribution in the sky suggests they originated near the galaxy's centre, Zheng says.

The diameter of the visible part of our spiral-shaped galaxy is at least 100,000 light years, or 588 quadrillion miles.

Zheng says that when the halo of dark matter is added, the estimated diameter is roughly 1 million light years, or 5,880 quadrillion miles.

Scientists know dark matter halos surround galaxies because the way their gravity affects the motion of a galaxy's visible stars and gas clouds.

Researchers say only about five percent of the universe is made of visible matter, 27 percent is invisible and yet-unidentified dark matter and 68 percent is even more mysterious dark energy, responsible for accelerating the expansion of the universe.

By travelling through the dark matter halo, the new hypervelocity star's speed and trajectory can reveal something about the mysterious halo.

Our solar system is roughly 26,000 light years or 153 quadrillion miles from the centre of the galaxy - more than halfway out from the centre of the visible disk.

By comparison, the new hypervelocity star is about 62,000 light years or 364 quadrillion miles from the galactic centre, beyond as well as above the galaxy's visible disk.

It is about 42,400 light years from Earth, or about 249 quadrillion miles away.

As far as that is - the star has a magnitude of about 13, or 630 times fainter than stars that barely can be seen with the naked eye - it nevertheless "is the nearest, second-brightest, and one of the three most massive hyper-velocity stars discovered so far," Zheng says.

- EarthSky