Global piracy acquires a new dimension
The Gulf of Guinea has emerged as a new 'hot spot'
for piracy attacks :
Piracy attacks off the Horn of Africa and in Southeast Asia have
attracted most attention but the Gulf of Guinea has emerged as a new
"hot spot". Increased assaults are threatening the economic development
of the region, particularly the exploitation of its marine resources,
according to a maritime security expert.
The menacing dimensions of such attacks are underlined by the fact
that the Gulf of Guinea adjoins the shores of West and Central Africa
between Guinea Bissau and Angola. Eminent countries in the region
include Ghana, Liberia and Nigeria.
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Gulf Guinea |
Large quantities of oil, fish and other marine resources make the
region a potentially rich economic zone, which produces more than 5
million barrels of oil each day and more than three quarters of the
world's supply of cocoa.
The Gulf of Guinea region, along with the Congo River delta and
Angola further south, are in fact expected to provide around a quarter
of the United States' oil imports by 2015. The region is regarded as one
of the world's top oil and gas exploration hotspots.
However, as Sam Bateman points out, "the region has more than its
fair share of problems, including civil unrest, political instability,
border disputes, corruption and poor governance."
An increasing number of acts of piracy are posing another problem,
which calls for regional cooperation and international assistance to
address it effectively, says Bateman, a former Australian naval
commodore with research interests in piracy and maritime terrorism, in a
commentary for the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)
at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
RSIS was listed among the top 50 think-tanks in the world in the 2011
Global Go to Think Tanks results released by the University of
Pennsylvania's International Relations Programme on 18 January 2012.
According to the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), 52 actual and
attempted piracy attacks were reported around the Gulf of Guinea during
2011, as opposed to 39 in 2010. 19 attacks occurred in the first quarter
of 2012.
The 52 attacks in 2011 represent about 12 per cent of the total
attacks around the world during the year. Along with the Horn of Africa
with 239 attacks during the year and Southeast Asia with 101, these
three areas account for nearly 90 per cent of global piracy.
Analysing the IMB figures, Bateman says: While most attacks have
occurred off Nigeria, more attacks occurred in 2011 in the waters off
Benin with 20 attacks during the year as compared with only one in the
previous four years. The situation off Nigeria improved during 2011 with
10 attacks that year compared with 19 in 2010.
The first quarter of 2012 saw a resurgence of two attacks off
Nigeria, but there was some improvement off Benin, partly due to joint
naval patrols by Nigeria and Benin.
Some attacks off Benin and Nigeria involve a ship being hijacked and
a significant part of its cargo stolen - losses from each attack range
from US$2 million to $6 million.
"These attacks suggest considerable planning, organisation and
sophisticated modes of operation by the pirates," says Bateman, adding:
"Most attacks occur at night and target oil and chemical tankers that
are stationary while conducting ship-to-ship transfer operations, often
at a distance of over 40 nautical miles offshore." In a recent incident,
the 76,600 dwt (deadweight tonnage) product tanker BW RHINE under the
Panama flag was seized from an anchorage off Togo on 28 April 2012.
The vessel was released a few days later after some of its cargo of
gasoline had been stolen. According to the IMB, at least 16 similar
incidents have been reported along the coastline from Togo to Nigeria
over the past year.
"Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has its origins in political
instability, corruption and the economic problems of the region," writes
Bateman, adviser to the RSIS's Maritime Security Programme. "Oil and gas
developments, particularly offshore in the Gulf of Guinea, provide
attractive targets.
Attacks in Nigeria in the 1990s were often perpetrated by groups such
as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) which
attacked pipelines and offshore platforms," he adds.
According to estimates, piracy currently results in an annual loss of
about US$2 billion to the economy of the West African sub-region.
Nigeria is believed to lose about 7% of its oil revenues to criminal
activities.
A large and highly developed black market for oil and its products
exists in the region.
Piracy in the region also affects the operation of vessels associated
with the exploration and exploitation of offshore oil and gas, such as
seismic research vessels and offshore supply vessels. Seismic survey
vessels are low and slow and thus vulnerable to 'hit and run' attacks to
steal valuables or even kidnap crew members.
Unlike Somali pirates, writes Bateman, West African pirates have no
place to hold a vessel securely while ransom negotiations take place; so
they sometimes kidnap crew members, usually more senior or highly
skilled technical people who may attract higher ransoms.
The RSIS maritime security expert notes that countries around the
Gulf of Guinea are sensitive to foreign warships patrolling in their
waters. An international naval response to piracy in the region would
therefore be controversial. Regional leaders believe that the presence
of foreign warships might be more destabilizing than helpful if they
widened the strategic nature of the problem and attracted criminal or
terrorist attacks.
"Countering piracy in the region requires extensive capacity-building
assistance," writes Bateman. "The required capacity includes the
development of national legal frameworks; national and regional
arrangements to better coordinate anti-piracy activities and
information-sharing; and the necessary operational resources (ships,
aircraft, skilled people and surveillance systems)."
He welcomes that various initiatives under the umbrella of the UN and
the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) are now underway to
develop the required capacity in the region. "Fortunately there are
several reasonably strong regional organisations, such as the Gulf of
Guinea Commission and the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS), to provide the necessary regional cooperation and dialogue,"
says Bateman.
Nevertheless, he cautions, just as elsewhere in the world, the fight
against piracy and sea robbery in West Africa begins on land.
"Any viable or lasting regional strategy to combat piracy needs to
take account of the root causes of regional piracy: high levels of youth
unemployment, wide income disparities within society, the uncontrolled
circulation of illicit weapons, and the prevalence of corruption."
- Third World Network Features.
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