Curb soaring population growth? Keep girls in school
*Education best way to fight high fertility
-experts
*215 million women lack access to modern
contraception
CHICAGO (Reuters) - Former Irish President Mary Robinson was just
making polite conversation when she asked an Ethiopian teenager about
her wedding day.
The 16-year-old had already been married a year.
"She looked at me with the saddest eyes and said, 'I had to drop out
of school,'" Robinson said in a telephone interview.
"That conveyed to me the reality," said Robinson, the first woman to
serve as Ireland's president and former U.N. high commissioner for human
rights. "Her life, as far as she is concerned, had more or less ended."
Robinson said keeping girls in school was one of the most important
things policymakers could do to address the coming challenges of an
ever-increasing population, predicted by the United Nations to reach 7
billion at the end of the month. "European countries are concerned about
aging populations as is Japan, but this is much less of an issue than
the huge bulge of people which we are going to see over the next 40
years when the population goes from 7 billion to 9 billion people," she
said.
"Almost all of that increase will be in poor developing countries, so
that we have a very big demographic challenge."
Family planning experts worry in particular about the looming
population boom in sub-Saharan Africa.
In May, the United Nations projected the world population would reach
9.3 billion in 2050 and 10.1 billion by 2100. Much of that growth will
come from Africa, where the population is growing at 2.3 percent a year
-- more than double Asia's 1 percent growth rate. If that rate stays
consistent, which is not certain, Africa's population will more than
triple to 3.6 billion by 2100 from the current 1 billion.
Joel Cohen, a professor of population studies at Rockefeller
University and Columbia University in New York, said universal secondary
education offered a way to reduce population in high-fertility regions.
In addition to providing information about contraception, a secondary
education motivates women to reduce their own fertility, improve the
health of their children and allows them to move from a mind-set of
having many children in the hopes that some will survive to improving
the quality of each child's life, Cohen wrote in the journal Nature.
"Although there are other factors at work, in many developing
countries, women who complete secondary school average at least one
child fewer per lifetime than women who complete primary school only,"
he added.
Most family planning experts warn against extreme coercive population
control measures, such as China's "One Child" policy, which since 1980
has limited parents to only one child. The uniquely draconian policy
succeeded in limiting the growth of the world's largest population but
led to other problems such as skewing the demographic toward males and
creating a disproportionate aging population.
Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin, former Nigerian health minister and
executive director of the United Nations Population Fund or UNFPA, told
Reuters his focus is very much on empowering women in such a way as to
change the cultural norms.
"When a young woman goes through at least secondary education, her
children survive better, physically they mature, emotionally they
mature, and because they have education, they are able to make choices,"
Osotimehin said.
"It is not just their ability to make the choice about family
planning. It's also that they have power of their own, which enables
them to live a life of dignity and respect."
Africa is full of examples of countries struggling with efforts to
attain full educational enrollment in the face of high fertility, said
Dr. Fred Sai, Ghanaian physician and former director general of the
International Planned Parenthood Federation.
"Family planning can help to slow down population growth in those
regions and countries where the fertility rates are over two (children)
per woman and especially where women want and need family planning and
have no access."
According to UNFPA, more than 215 million women want to delay or
prevent pregnancies but lack modern contraception.
Family planning experts are frustrated by lack of progress on
commitments made to improve women's sexual and reproductive health at
the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in
Cairo.
Progress has been stalled in part, they say, by increasing pressure
from social conservatives, especially in the United States, who equate
family planning with abortion.
"Family planning is so much more than just access to abortion," said
Lyndon Haviland, a senior health fellow at the Aspen Institute, a
nonpartisan think tank in Washington.
"It's about healthy pregnancies. It's about building the future for
young girls," Haviland said.
"It's kind of ironic to me ... The easiest way to prevent abortion is
to fully fund family planning because abortion means a woman didn't have
access to family planning, she wasn't able to control what was happening
with her body."
Haviland and others argue that family planning is a development issue
and the lack of it can increase political tensions.
In Yemen, which has the highest rate of unmet need for family
planning, the population has doubled in less than 20 years and its high
fertility rate of some six children per woman is pressuring that
nation's fragile economy, Isobel Coleman of the U.S. Council on Foreign
Relations said in a recent policy report.
"Increasing access to family planning would help improve Yemen's
long-term prospects for achieving per capita growth and stability,"
Coleman said.
According to Coleman, 80 percent of all outbreaks of civil conflict
between 1970 and 2007 occurred in countries with very young populations
and that threat dissipates as birth rates decline.
In Somalia, 70 percent of the population is under age 30, yet only 1
percent of married women in Somalia have access to modern contraception,
and the country has one of the highest rates of population growth in the
world.
That is something Robinson observed while visiting Somalia in July to
draw attention to the famine, which has killed nearly 30,000 children.
"One of the ways you open up a conversation is to ask how many
children do you have. Not a single woman said less than six children,"
Robinson said.
"They were having seven, eight, nine children because they hoped
maybe one or two might survive -- an appalling situation for any mother
to be in."
Robinson recalls her own struggle growing up in the west of Ireland
in the 1950s. "It was very much a Catholic-dominated environment," she
said. "I became increasingly aware of the many ways in which women were
made to feel that their role was to marry and become mothers. It was
even in the constitution that the place of the woman was in the home."
There was also no access to modern contraception, something Robinson
set out to change. She was elected to Ireland's Senate in 1969, and
introduced a bill in late 1970 to change the law making it a crime to
buy or sell a condom.
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