An era of global turbulence

Leaders meeting at the United Nations are facing a world under attack and responses are so far not matching the manifold crises.

by Martin Khor

When the Cold War ended two decades ago, people throughout the world looked forward at last to a period of peace. A political scientist wrote a book predicting "the end of history". Conflict between ideologies and big powers was over, as those advocating the free market and democracy had won.

The illusion of the end of conflict is over. At the recent annual summit of the United Nations, "global turbulence" was very much the theme of the leaders gathered there. The turbulence is now prevalent in the political and security arena, and also in environment, as highlighted at the Climate Summit on September 23.

There is the exponential growth in Ebola cases in West Africa. And turbulence also well describes the on-going financial and economic crisis whose shadow is now falling on developing countries.

Under attack

"This has been a terrible year," declared UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon in his opening speech. "From barrel bombs to beheadings, from the deliberate starvation of civilians to the assault on hospitals, UN shelters and aid convoys, human rights and the rule of law are under attack."

The crises he mentioned included the tragedy in Gaza, the volatile situation in Ukraine, the thousands killed in the political war in South Sudan and the conflicts in the Central African Republic, Mali, the Sahel and Somalia; and in Iraq and Syria where "we see new depths of barbarity with each passing day, and devastating spill-over effects" across the region.

The Secretary-General continued: "This year, the horizon of hope is darkened. Our hearts are made heavy by unspeakable acts and the deaths of innocents. Not since the end of the Second World War have there been so many refugees, displaced people and asylum seekers.

"Never before has the United Nations been asked to reach so many people with emergency food assistance and other life-saving supplies. It may seem as if the world is falling apart, as crises pile up and disease spreads."Saying that today we face far more man-made crises than natural calamities, he called on the assembled leaders to show leadership and act.

Double standards

Western leaders, especially United States President Barack Obama, stressed the need to counter the threat of Islamic extremism, with the current focus on the Islamic State (IS). In September, Obama had ordered strikes on many IS targets in Syria.

However, some also questioned the legitimacy of the bombing, as well as double standards in the handling of terrorism and breaches in international law, citing for example the killing of Palestinians in Gaza by Israeli air strikes, without action taken against Israel. Climate change and Ebola emerged as two big issues last month. On September 23, Ban Ki-Moon convened a Climate Summit with over a hundred top political leaders attending. The day before, over 300,000 people marched through New York, with many groups demanding not only action but also "climate justice".

It was the biggest climate-related demonstration ever, showing the public's impatience with the lack of serious governmental action despite increasing evidence of extreme climate events.

Leaders pledged actions to cut or slow down emissions, but these were mainly repeats of old promises, and largely inadequate. And only three European leaders pledged substantial money for the Green Climate Fund, which in total (around US $1billion each) was far below the US $100 billion a year target promised four years ago. The Summit gave prominence to the private sector and the actions and investments they would voluntarily make if incentives were given to them.

Questions were raised if the developed-country governments were trying to escape from having to take stronger action against the market forces causing the climate problem, as well as from their commitment to fund developing countries.

At the end of a day of packed panel discussions involving presidents, prime ministers, business tycoons, bank CEOs, scientists and a few film stars (Leonardo de Caprio, Li Bing Bing), Graca Machel (the widow of Nelson Mandela) challenged the leaders in a closing speech. "There's a mismatch between the magnitude of the problem and the response today," she said.

"Millions took to the streets. If this is what we'll give them as a response, is it enough? Each of us has to go back to the drawing board ... Look at the pledges and ask if you are matching that challenge.

"It's not about profit but our survival and well-being. You need the courage to make decisions unpopular with some thousands but for the good of the millions ... You the need the courage to regulate, and the change in technology has to be mandatory. "Listen to the people, they are the ones with the vested interests for change."

Ebola

I also attended a session on the Ebola threat on 25 September, where Obama, European Commission chief Barosso, the World Bank president, the Japanese prime minister and ministers from Cuba, China, East Timor, Nigeria, Germany and the United Kingdom were among those who pledged to support the most affected countries - Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea.

The presidents of these three countries spoke of how the Ebola crisis had overwhelmed their societies as the already frail health care systems collapse.The difficulty of treating the problem was highlighted by the Liberian president. "We have an extended family system where we take care of the members and are at the side of the dying. We succumb to anger if we are told not to touch our sick child or bury our dead."In this era of turbulence, there is thus the fight back against the otherwise depressing trends.

As Machel warned, however, we are very near the precipice and may fall over very soon. The response from political leaders is so far inadequate to the challenge and must be stepped up.

- Third World Network Features