At Sea For All: Seafarers essential for everyday life
This year, IMO's Day of the Seafarer (June 25) campaign wants to
celebrate seafarers and let the world know how and why seafarers are
indispensable to everyone.
The campaign theme this year is: "At Sea For All".
The theme has a clear link with the 2016 World Maritime Day theme,
"Shipping: indispensable to the world", emphasising that seafarers serve
at sea not just for the shipping industry or for their own career
purposes but for all of us - and, consequently, they are also
"indispensable to the world".
IMO Secretary-General Kitack Lim said: "this year, on June 25, the
Day of the Seafarer, we are once again asking people everywhere to show
their appreciation for the seafarers that quietly, mostly unnoticed,
keep the wheels of the world in motion".
International Maritime Organization is also shifting its focus to
maritime education. It wants you to consider a career at sea. Most
people go to work in offices, factories and shops, but it's a different
picture for seafarers: an office can be a hundred thousand-ton oil
tanker or a cargo ship navigating the world's oceans with beautiful
landscapes.
The campaign shows how the multi-faceted maritime world offers a
series of rich and fulfilling career opportunities for young people,
both at sea and ashore.
Safety
It has always been recognized that the best way of improving safety
at sea is by developing international regulations that are followed by
all shipping nations and from the mid-19th century onwards a number of
such treaties were adopted. Several countries proposed that a permanent
international body should be established to promote maritime safety more
effectively, but it was not until the establishment of the United
Nations itself that these hopes were realized. In 1948 an international
conference in Geneva adopted a convention formally establishing IMO (the
original name was the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
Organization, or IMCO, but the name was changed in 1982 to IMO).The IMO
Convention entered into force in 1958 and the new Organization met for
the first time the following year.The purposes of the Organization, as
summarized by Article 1(a) of the Convention, are "to provide machinery
for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental
regulation and practices relating to technical matters of all kinds
affecting shipping engaged in international trade; to encourage and
facilitate the general adoption of the highest practicable standards in
matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and
prevention and control of marine pollution from ships".
Convention
The Organization is also empowered to deal with administrative and
legal matters related to these purposes.
IMO's first task was to adopt a new version of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the most important of
all treaties dealing with maritime safety. This was achieved in 1960 and
IMO then turned its attention to such matters as the facilitation of
international maritime traffic, load lines and the carriage of dangerous
goods, while the system of measuring the tonnage of ships was revised.
But although safety was and remains IMO's most important
responsibility, a new problem began to emerge - pollution. The growth in
the amount of oil being transported by sea and in the size of oil
tankers was of particular concern and the Torrey Canyon disaster of
1967, in which 120,000 tonnes of oil was spilled, demonstrated the scale
of the problem.
During the next few years IMO introduced a series of measures
designed to prevent tanker accidents and to minimize their consequences.
It also tackled the environmental threat caused by routine operations
such as the cleaning of oil cargo tanks and the disposal of engine room
wastes - in tonnage terms a bigger menace than accidental pollution.
The most important of all these measures was the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified
by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78). It covers not
only accidental and operational oil pollution but also pollution by
chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution.
Compensation
IMO was also given the task of establishing a system for providing
compensation to those who had suffered financially as a result of
pollution. Two treaties were adopted, in 1969 and 1971, which enabled
victims of oil pollution to obtain compensation much more simply and
quickly than had been possible before.
Both treaties were amended in 1992, and again in 2000, to increase
the limits of compensation payable to victims of pollution. A number of
other legal conventions have been developed since, most of which concern
liability and compensation issues.
Also in the 1970s a global search and rescue system was initiated,
with the establishment of the International Mobile Satellite
Organization (IMSO), which has greatly improved the provision of radio
and other messages to ships.
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) was adopted in
1988 and began to be phased in from 1992. In February 1999, the GMDSS
became fully operational, so that now a ship that is in distress
anywhere in the world can be virtually guaranteed assistance, even if
the ship's crew does not have time to radio for help, as the message
will be transmitted automatically.
Two initiatives in the 1990s are especially important insofar as they
relate to the human element in shipping. On July 1, 1998 the
International Safety Management Code entered into force and became
applicable to passenger ships, oil and chemical tankers, bulk carriers,
gas carriers and cargo high speed craft of 500 gross tonnage and above.
It became applicable to other cargo ships and mobile offshore drilling
units of 500 gross tonnage and above from July 1, 2002.
On 1 February 1997, the 1995 amendments to the International
Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for
Seafarers, 1978 entered into force. They greatly improve seafarer
standards and, for the first time, give IMO itself powers to check
Government actions with Parties required to submit information to IMO
regarding their compliance with the Convention. A major revision of the
STCW Convention and Code was completed in 2010 with the adoption of the
"Manila amendments to the STCW Convention and Code".
Environment
New conventions relating to the marine environment were adopted in
the 2000s, including one on anti-fouling systems (AFS 2001), another on
ballast water management to prevent the invasion of alien species (BWM
2004) and another on ship recycling (Hong Kong International Convention
for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009).
The 2000s also saw a focus on maritime security, with the entry into
force in July 2004 of a new, comprehensive security regime for
international shipping, including the International Ship and Port
Facility Security (ISPS) Code, made mandatory under amendments to SOLAS
adopted in 2002.
In 2005, IMO adopted amendments to the Convention for the Suppression
of Unlawful Acts (SUA) Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988
and its related Protocol (the 2005 SUA Protocols), which amongst other
things, introduce the right of a State Party desires to board a ship
flying the flag of another State Party when the requesting Party has
reasonable grounds to suspect that the ship or a person on board the
ship is, has been, or is about to be involved in, the commission of an
offence under the Convention.
As IMO instruments have entered into force and been implemented,
developments in technology and/or lessons learned from accidents have
led to changes and amendments being adopted.
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