Asia hits an oil slick
Indians know the news is bad when the Prime Minister takes to the
airwaves to address the nation. That’s what founding father Jawaharlal
Nehru did before India’s war with China in 1962, and just under a decade
later Indira Gandhi confirmed on television that Pakistan had launched
military strikes against Indian airfields.
So when current Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stared down a camera to
deliver a message earlier this month, there was no doubting the gravity
of the situation.
India was losing a battle of sorts: due to soaring oil prices, Singh
told viewers, New Delhi was forced to roll back generous fuel subsidies,
meaning everyone was going to start paying more - possibly much more -
to cook their food and drive their vehicles.
“There are limits to which we can keep consumer prices unaffected by
rising import prices,” Singh said, warning that without the change India
could run out of funds to import oil.
A similar sense of crisis has been growing across Asia over the past
few months as the price of a barrel of oil has skyrocketed to almost
$140, up more than 30% since January.
The spike - coupled with galloping consumer price inflation in
general and a slumping U.S. economy - is contributing to fears that an
era of remarkable economic growth, particularly in developing countries
such as India, may be drawing to a close.
One ominous sign: stock markets throughout the region suffered sharp
declines following a record one-day surge in oil prices of more than $10
a barrel on June 6; China’s Shanghai stock market plunged 7.7% on June
10, its steepest drop in a year.
While investors and economists are worried about a number of economic
headwinds, rising oil prices, said Merrill Lynch in a recent report,
“pose the major growth and inflation risk for Asia going forward.”
This threat comes almost as an ambush. The region’s economies had
previously shown resilience in the face of a global credit crunch and
troubles in the U.S.
India, in particular, was supposed to weather a downturn relatively
well because its economy depends largely on domestic consumption rather
than massive exports as does China’s. But there’s nowhere to hide from
higher oil prices, and several factors make the crunch particularly
painful in Asia.
The vast majority of countries in the region are net importers of
oil. Only Malaysia and Vietnam are able to produce enough crude to be
net sellers. In addition, several Asian governments for years have spent
billions of dollars subsidizing fuel costs to keep it cheap for their
poor and often quarrelsome citizens.
But oil is now so expensive that subsidies and price controls are
increasingly impossible to maintain. Over the last two weeks, India,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have announced they are
reducing or eliminating subsidies.
At oil’s current price level, Malaysia would need to pay some $17
billion a year to hold the line on domestic fuel prices, more than it
spends annually on education, defense and health care combined.
The effect of reduced fuel subsidies will ripple through economies,
increasing costs across a wide range of industries, boosting inflation,
undermining government budgets and stirring up unrest among citizens who
are already feeling the bite of slower growth.
In India, as elsewhere, the main reason governments impose controls
on petroleum products such as diesel, kerosene and liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) is to help millions who live on less than $1 a day - and to
give politicians a chance to stay in power on election day.
“There’s the economics of it and there’s the politics of it,” says
Suman Bery, director-general of the National Council of Applied Economic
Research, a New Delhi think tank. “The politics of it is that LPG and
diesel are considered to be sensitive commodities because they impact
directly on family budgets.”
But regardless of the intentions of politicians, subsidies and price
controls tend to produce unintended consequences. They distort normal
consumption patterns and subvert the law of supply and demand.
When oil supplies are low and crude prices rise, consumption falls,
bringing prices back down as demand and supply balance out. But if
consumers are insulated from the market, paying an artificially low
price for fuel, they tend to use as much or even more - which strains
supplies further and forces oil prices even higher.
Manipulating markets is a luxury that governments increasingly cannot
afford. The Indian government spent almost $9 billion last year on fuel
subsidies, adding to the country’s budget deficit. State-run gasoline
retailers have been losing billions of dollars as well because they are
forced to sell to consumers at prices set by New Delhi.
When the three largest state-owned oil companies warned recently that
they would soon run out of money to import oil, the government finally
raised price caps.
Since June 4, gasoline is up by 11%, diesel by 10% and LPG by 17%.
The price of kerosene, the most widely used cooking fuel, was left
unchanged, but the other increases will push up India’s inflation rate,
which at 8.24% is already at a four-year high. Public anger is growing.
India’s leftist parties called for a week of protests after Singh’s
TV announcement. The states of West Bengal, Tripura and Kerala saw
general strikes that emptied the streets.
Slogan-shouting housewives marched through New Delhi, while in Mumbai
protestors rode bullock carts to show that cars are now out of reach of
the common man (never mind that less than 10% of the adult population
owns a car). Says Rajiv Pratap Rudy, a spokesman for the main opposition
Bharatiya Janata Party: “This is an economic terror unleashed on the
people of this country.” Yet the government may be forced into further
hikes should crude prices remain high.
“There is still a large uncovered gap and the recent price rises
announced will not cover that,” says Rajiv Kumar, director and chief
executive of the New Delhi-based Indian Council for Research on
International Economic Relations.
Despite the dose of economic realism that many governments are
finally swallowing, there is one Asian country that has resisted any
major easing of price controls. China has raised the retail price of
diesel and gasoline by just 9% since January 2007. (Over the same
period, the price in the U.S. has jumped 77%.) Observers say China will
probably stand pat at the pump until after the Beijing Olympic Games in
August.
That could keep Chinese happily burning the midnight oil - and keep
global oil prices high, since growing demand from China has contributed
significantly to crude’s price run-up in the past few years, according
to economists. It’s too early to say, but the recent spike in oil prices
could be another nail in the coffin in which Asia’s sizzling economic
run of the past several years is finally laid to rest.
With reporting by Baradan Kuppusamy/Kuala Lumpur, Zamira Loebis/Jakarta
and Madhur Singh/New Delhi. |